Contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) have evolved from simple service providers to full partners. Such companies now offer development and end-to-end services for highly complex biologics in a transition from contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) and contract research organizations (CROs) to CDMOs. Before 2000, some drug companies (e.g., Merck, Novarits, Boehringer Ingelheim, and others) offered their excess manufacturing capacity to other drug makers. Chemical companies provided fill–finish and related services. Between 2000 and 2008, a number of dedicated CMOs emerged:…