Biologics manufacturing entails multiple complex unit operations across three key process areas: cell culture, purification, and sterile fill–finish (Figure 1). Numerous raw materials are used to formulate reagents that are vital to those processes. For example, bioreactors require cell-culture media, and buffer solutions are used during both drug-substance filtration and drug-product final formulation. Changes in raw-material properties can introduce variation in the performance of intermediate processes and in product quality attributes. Therefore, raw-material properties must be monitored to help ensure…