Bioprocess models and simulations are the basis for digital twins, which are virtual representations of physical processes and enabling methods of biopharma 4.0. Early adopters in the industry have shown potential application of this approach in nearly all stages of a product development life cycle. Experts in academia and the biopharmaceutical industry have studied mechanistic modeling as the main method of chromatography modeling. Mechanistic models are mathematical descriptions of physiochemical phenomena. They are based on first principles and thus can…