A pharmaceutical’s approval for commercial distribution is contingent on submission of pharmacological and toxicological safety data as defined by regulatory agencies such as the US FDA and ICH. Guidances state that such data can come from in vivo or in vitro studies. The current paradigm works well for collecting critical data about, e.g., a drug’s pharmacological effects and mechanism of action (MoA). However, increasing evidence points to current methods’ inadequacy for predicting a drug’s risks to human patients. Such limitations…